(a) Living beings need to be classified.

→ Living beings need to be classified because classification helps to know the basic structure of cell, body structure, mode of nutrition, presence or absence of cell wall.

(b) Fucus and Marchantia look alike, but Fucus is classified as algae and while Marchantia is classified as bryophyta.

→ It is because, Fucus contains thallus which classifies it in algae, where as Marchantia needs water for fertilization so, it is kept in the classification of bryophyta.

OR.

Because of their overall morphology and habitat preferences.

(c) Gymnosperms do not bear fruit.

→ Gymnosperms do not bear fruit because they don’t bear ovaries and seed is naked.

(d) Although a crocodile has a four-chambered heart, it belongs to the reptilian class.

→ Because classification is not only done with one characteristics, the main characteristic through which crocodile is kept in the class reptilian is that they have dry, no-glandular skin and epidermal scales are also present and their body is covered with horny scales.

(e) Although bats and whales are dissimilar characteristics, they belong to the same class.

→ It is because both bats and whale feed milk to their offspring, they are warm-blooded, breathe with lungs and have four chambered heart and have mammary gland.

(f) Riccia is an amphibian plant.

→ Riccia is an amphibian plant because they need water for fertilization and reproduction.

(g) Fern is not a flowering plant; Cycas bears flower like cone but no fruit; banana bears flower and fruit. However all these plants are kept in the same division.

→ Because, they all contains vascular tissues which helps for transportation of water, mineral and nutrients all over their bodies.

(a) Into how many divisions are the organism in plant kingdom divided?

→ The organisms in plant kingdom are divided into three divisions:

• Algae
• Bryophyta
• tracheophyta.

(b) Write the main features of kingdom plantae.

→ The main features of kingdom plantae are:

• They are autotrophs.
• Cell walls are made up of cellulose.
• Contains chloroplast.
• Generally unicellular or multicellular.
• They have eukaryotic cells.

(c) Write the similarities of plants which belong to gymnosperm and angiosperm.

→ Similarities are given below:

• Their plant body is sporophyte.
• Have well developed vascular tissues.
• Produces seed for reproduction.
• Both undergoes an alternation of generation.

(d) If you are given only the leaves of some plants in tracheophyta and asked to distinguish their subdivisions using the taxonomic knowledge you have acquired in class. Is it possible to do so? Give your argument.

→ I think the distinguishing the subdivisions of plants in Tracheophyta based solely on leaves may be challenging and often not possible. While leaves carry important information about the plant’s shape, size and other characteristics, they are not sufficiently to accurately determine the subdivisions with Tracheophyta. Taxonomic classification needed multiple aspects of plants, including various morphology. So, these characteristics are needed for the proper identification and classification.

(e) What are the main characteristics of pteridophyta.

→ The main characteristics of pteridophyta are:

• have dominant sporophyte phase in their life cycle.
• have well developed vascular tissue.
• have feather like leaves.
• found in moist and shady place.
• reproduce via spores.

(f) Rashmi observed only the flowers of new plant in her garden and concluded that the plant belongs to monocotyledon. Is observation of only the flower a right way to identify monocotyledon? Give reasons.

→ It is not right way to identify monocotyledon because from the observation of flowers that have bloomed on the plant, it is not possible to get a clear information about the monocotyledons found in the seed should be observed.

(g) Two plants are shown in the picture. Observe and answer:

(h) Following chart shows the group of four animal. In which group does fish belong to?

→ Fish belongs to group D.

(i) Digestive system is not developed in the animals of phylum porifera. How do they digest food? Write.

→ Since, The digestive system is not developed in the animals of phylum porifera. so, they digest their food through the process of intracellular digestion.

(j) Rakesh saw an animal while he was playing in the ground. How can he identify the phylum of that animal by using taxonomic education of kingdom Animalia? Explain.

(k) Sharks and whale both live in water. Based on their features, which is more advanced/developed animal? Explain with example.

→ In terms of evolutionary development and complexity whale are considered more developed than sharks. Due to the following reasons:

Body structure:

whales have evolved to have a streamlined fusiform body shape, horizontal tail flukes and flippers for swimming and diving. Sharks have more primitive body but the lack of specializations adaptation seen in whales.

Reproductive system:

whales are viviparous and have more complex reproductive system involving internal fertilization where as sharks are oviparous and have less developed form of reproductive system compared to whales.

(l) Picture of two organisms are shown below, compare them and answer the following questions.

(i) In which phylum and class do they belong?

→ Eagle belongs to phylum: chordata
sub-division: vertebrata
class: Aves.

→ Bat belongs to phylum: chordata
subdivision: vertebrata
class: mammilia.

(ii) Write any two similarities and dissimilarities between them.

Similarities:

• They belong to animalia kingdom.
• They both can fly.

Differences:

• Bat is viviparous where as Eagle is oviparous.
• They both belong to different classes.

(iii) How does the study of these animals clarify the concept of evolution?

→ Because, According to Robert Harding Whittaker theory, in process of evolution, animals adapt according to the surrounding so, that eagle adapt the evolution surrounding of Aves where as Bat’s adapted of mammilia.

(m) Explain the relation between classification of living beings and evolution.

→ The classification of living beings is closely related to evolution. Through classification, organism are grouped based on their similarities and differences, providing insights into their evolutionary relationships.

Classification reflects the evolutionary history and helps us understand the patterns of evolutionary change, including ancestral traits, speciation events and emerge of new traits through adaptation and natural selection.

(n) Draw a chart to show classification of kingdom plantae according to five kingdom system.

(p) Look at the pictures below and answer the following questions:

(i) Which animal has a two-chambered heart?

→ Fish has a two-chambered heart.

(ii) Which animal suckles milk to its young.

→ Tiger suckles milk to its young.

(iii) Write any two similarities between frogs and snakes.

→ Similarities:

• Both are vertebrates.
• Both are carnivores.

(iv) Which of these animals have air sacs in their bodies?

→ Pigeon and fish have air sacs in their bodies.