(a) Blood is Red.

→ Because, due to the presence of hemoglobin in it.

(b) WBC’s are like the soldiers of body.

→ Because, they protect our body against infections and minor diseases.

(c) Wall of ventricle is highly muscular or thicker than the wall of auricle.

→ Because, the ventricle are responsible for pumping blood out of the heart in high pressure so, the wall of ventricle is thicker.

(d) Wall of left ventricle is thicker than the wall of right ventricle.

→ Because, the left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, while the right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

(e) Arteries do not have valves but veins have valves.

→ Because, Arteries carry blood at high pressure, so valves are not needed. Veins carry blood at low pressure, so valves are present to prevent backflow.

(f) A person with anaemia feels tired after a short walk.

→ Because, in anaemia number of (RBC) is decreased which is responsible for carrying oxygen to the body, less oxygen is supplied to the body cells, so the person feels tired even after a short walk.

(g) Arteries are deeply seated inside the muscles but veins are superficial.

→ Arteries carry oxygenated blood under high pressure from the heart, so they have thick walls and are deeply seated for protection. Veins carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure back to the heart, so they are superficial.

(h) Blood group should be tested before transfusion.

→ Because, to match the right blood group between the donor and the receiver. If not done it could cause serious problems.

(i) Blood coagulates slower or does not coagulates in haemophilic person.

→ Because, haemophilic is a genetic disorder that affects the blood’s ability to clot properly.

(a) Describe the main parts of the human circulatory system.

→ The main parts of human circulatory system are:

• Heart: The muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
• Blood vessels: Tubes that carry blood.
  • (i) Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart, usually oxygenated.
  • (ii) Veins: Carry blood towards the heart, usually deoxygenated.
  • (iii) Capillaries: Tiny vessels where exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients occurs between blood and body cells.
• Blood: The fluid that transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste products.

(b) Write the main function of blood.

→ The main function of blood is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs for elimination.

(c) When any part of the body is injured, the bleeding stops after a while.

→ Because, due to the process of blood clotting or coagulation, platelets in the blood, along with clotting factors, forms a clot to seal the injured blood vessels, which prevent further bleeding.

(d) Romila gets tired even after walking a short distance and also feels difficult breathing? What is the reason for this? Explain.

→ From this above information we can know that Romila may be suffering from cardiovascular or respiratory issue. It could be due to lack of oxygen supply to the muscles and tissues, caused by lung disorders, anaemia or cardio vascular disease.

(e) A person has blood pressure 130/90 mmHg. What does this mean?

→ It means that the person has a systolic blood pressure of 130 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 90mmHg, and it indicate that the person’s blood pressure is elevated and falls with the category of stage 1 hypertension.

(f) Which device is used to measure blood pressure?

→ Sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure.

(g) Before the transfusion of blood to a patient, blood group of donor and receiver patient is checked by the doctor. Why?

→ Because, to check the compatibility between the donor’s and the receiver blood, to avoid any kind of serious problem.

(h) Sarita’s grandmother shows the symptoms like frequent urination, tiredness, muscular spasm and numbness in hand and legs and thirst. What is the problem with her?

→ If Sarita’s grandmother shows the above symptoms then, she indicates a possibility of diabetes.

(i) Mention the effect and preventive measure of high blood pressure.

→ The effects of high blood pressure:

• Headache
• Nose Bleeding
• Face becomes red
• Anxiety

Preventive measures of high blood pressure:

• Consume less salt and oily foods.
• Live a stress free life.
• Take balanced diet.
• Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol.

(j) Respiratory system, digestive system and circulatory system in human body are interrelated. Explain this statement with reasons.

→ The respiratory, digestive and circulatory systems are interconnected in several ways:

(k) How is high or low blood pressure detected?

→ High or low blood pressure is detected through blood pressure measurements using a sphygmomanometer or electronic blood pressure monitoring devices.

(m) Answer the following questions on the basis of the information given on the table.

(i) Which blood cell deficiency causes anaemia in a person?

→ X-blood cell deficiency cause anaemia in a person.

(ii) What will be the problem when the number of Y blood cells increase beyond normal.

→ When the number of Y blood cells increase beyond normal, disease called blood cancer or lukemia is caused.

(iii) If blood coagulates slower or does not coagulates in the injured or cut part of a person, which blood cells are below the normal count in that person? What is this condition called?

→ This condition is called haemophilia.

(n) While Sarita was walking on the road, she saw an old man suffering from chest pain. She rushed him to the hospital. The initial examination suggested that he might have a heart problem. Which test would be appropriate to identify his heart condition? Explain with reason.

→ Her problem is Diabetes.

It’s effects are:

• Sweating
• Nose bleeding.

It’s preventive measures are:

• Avoid smoking.
• Avoid alcohol consumption.

(o) Explain the blood circulation in the human body with a diagram.

→ The blood circulation is divided into two types. They are:

• Systemic circulation:

Oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart is pumped into the aorta, the largest artery. The aorta branches into smaller arteries, which further divide into capillaries. In capillaries, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the surroundings tissues. Deoxygenated blood then flows into venules, which join to form veins. Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart.

• Pulmonary circulation:

Deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart is pumped into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery divides into smaller arteries, which lead to the lungs. In the lungs, oxygen is replenished and carbon dioxide is removed as a waste product through the process of gas exchange. Oxygenated blood then flows back to the left sides of the heart through the pulmonary veins.

(p) Write the preventive measure for hyperuricemia.

→ They are:

• Exercise regularly.
• Consume baking soda.
• Avoid drinking alcohol and smoking.
• Drink sufficient water.

(q) Explain the internal structure of heart with neat and clean labelled diagram.

→ The human heart is four-chambered. The upper two chambers are called auricles or atria while the lower two are called ventricles. There is a thick muscular septum in the middle of the heart that divides the heart into left

(r) Explain the main cause of heart attack.

→ The main causes of heart attack are:

• Stressful life.
• Family history.
• High cholesterol.
• Diabetes etc.

(s) Introduce angiogram and its importance.

→ An angiogram is a medical imaging procedure that involves injecting a contrast dye into the bloodstream to visualize blood vessels, particularly the arteries.

It’s importance are:

• Monitoring post-treatment.
• Assessing Blood vessel condition.
• Guiding treatment.
• Diagnosis of Blockage or Narrowing.

(t) Give a brief introduction about open heart surgery.

→ Open-heart surgery is a surgical procedure that involves accessing the heart by creating a large incision in the chest. It is performed under general anesthesia and requires the use of a heart-lung bypass machine, which temporarily takes over the heart’s function and oxygenates the blood while the heart is stopped for surgery. Open-heart surgery is typically performed for various conditions including coronary artery bypass grafting, valve replacement, heart transplant etc.

(u) When samip blood was tested, the number of white blood cells was found to be more than 3000. Which symptoms may appear in his body in this situation? Give reason.

→ If WBCs are more than 3000, Samip may have fever, fatigue, and inflammation. This happens because high WBCs mean the body is fighting infection.

(v) The level of fibrinogen was found to be high in plasma of Harish at the time of the blood test. Does this affect his blood circulation or not? Explain with a reason.

→ Yes, high fibrinogen can affect blood circulation because it makes blood clot more easily, which can slow down or block blood flow.

(w) Study the table and answer the question.

(i) Which person suffers from haemophilia.

→ Person X suffers from haemophilia.

(ii) In which person is the artery injured?

→ Person ‘Y’ has high artery injury.

(iii) Which injury, Y or Z is more dangerous? Give Reason.

→ Person injury ‘X’ is more dangerous because if there is no treatment, the person will be dead due to the bleeding of blood.

(y) By the diagram below answer the following questions.

(i) Difference between the blood vessel 15 and 18.

(ii) Write the function of the valves of 11 and 13?

→ The function of valve 11 and 13 is to prevent from the backward flow of blood.

(iii) What happens in the absence of part 4?

→ The blood comes out and blood can’t be pumped the heart get easily damaged from shocks and injury.

(iv) Label the part 6, 7, 8 and 9.

→ The part 6, 7, 8 and 9 are:

• 6 – right atrium.
• 7 – right ventricle.
• 8 – left ventricle.
• 9 – left atrium.