Unit 11

Sir Issac Newton

 

1. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

 

 

1. apology

 

1. absent-minded

 

1. couch

 

1. curved

 

1. dull

 

1. gravity

 

1. host

 

1. interrupted

 

1. puzzled

 

1. wonder

 

 

1. forgetful

 

1. unable to understand; confused

 

iii. made something discontinue

 

1. a person who receives other people as guests

 

1. the force of attraction

 

1. a feeling of amazement and admiration

 

vii. lacking interest or excitement

 

viii. a bent line; not a straight line

 

1. sofa

 

1. saying sorry

 

 

 

Answer

 

 

1. apology

 

1. absent-minded

 

1. couch

 

1. curved

 

1. dull

 

1. gravity

 

1. host

 

1. interrupted

 

1. puzzled

 

1. wonder

 

 

1. saying sorry

 

1. forgetful

 

1. sofa

 

viii. a bent line; not a straight line

 

vii. lacking interest or excitement

 

1. the force of attraction

 

1. a person who receives other people as guests

 

iii. made something discontinue

 

1. unable to understand; confused

 

1. a feeling of amazement and admiration

 

 

 

1. Choose the correct words/phrases from the box to complete the following sentences.

 

[gravitation, absent-mindedness, interrupted, couch, telescopes, curved, dull, hosted, tired of]

 

1. The construction work got …………… because of the heavy rain.

 

1. Newton used curved mirrors in……… … instead of lenses.

 

1. My grandmother keeps forgetting things. She is suffering from ……….. …

 

1. Anisha came into my room and sat on the ………..….

 

1. Please draw a ..curved… line on the white board, not a straight one.

 

1. Particles are attracted to each other by ……. …..

 

1. Newton was a ……..….boy in his childhood.

 

1. My friend …………… a birthday party yesterday.

 

1. I got ………. … working the whole day. I want to rest for some time.

 

Answer

 

1. The construction work got interrupted because of the heavy rain.

 

1. Newton used curved mirrors in telescopes instead of lenses.

 

1. My grandmother keeps forgetting things. She is suffering from absent-mindedness d. Anisha came into my room and sat on the couch.

 

1. Please draw a curved line on the white board, not a straight one.

 

1. Particles are attracted to each other by gravitation.

 

1. Newton was a dull boy in his childhood.

 

1. My friend hosted a birthday party yesterday.

 

1. I got tired of working the whole day. I want to rest for some time.

 

 

 

1. Read the text again and write whether the following statements are True or False.

 

1. Sir Isaac Newton’s father was a lawyer.

 

1. Newton received his father’s affection during his childhood.

 

1. In the beginning, Newton was not good at his studies.

 

1. The fallen apple helped Newton develop the theory of gravitation.

 

1. Newton’s mind always remained full of problems and thoughts.

 

1. He lived with his wife and children in his later years.

 

Answer

 

1. Sir Isaac Newton’s father was a lawyer. False

 

1. Newton received his father’s affection during his childhood. False c. In the beginning, Newton was not good at his studies. True

 

1. The fallen apple helped Newton develop the theory of gravitation. True e. Newton’s mind always remained full of problems and thoughts. True f. He lived with his wife and children in his later years. False D. Answer these questions.

 

1. How was Newton in his studies in his early life?

 

1. Which subjects did Newton study at Cambridge University?

 

1. What changes did Newton make to telescopes?

 

1. Why do you think Newton forgot his food and friends at times?

 

Answer

 

1. In his early life, Newton was not good at his studies. He was considered a dull boy.

 

1. Newton studied mathematics and science at Cambridge University.

 

1. Newton made changes to telescopes by using curved mirrors instead of lenses.

 

1. I think Newton forgot his food and friends at times because he was always thinking about his work. He was very devoted and so focused on his work that he sometimes forgot about the things that were happening around him.

 

1. Find some other discoveries Newton has made.

 

Answer

 

Some other discoveries that Newton has made are:

 

The composition of white light: Newton discovered that white light is actually a mixture of all the colours of the rainbow.

 

The theory of gravitation: Newton’s theory of gravitation describes the force that attracts all objects in the universe to each other.

 

 

Mathematics: Newton developed calculus independently of the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. His work laid the foundation for differential and integral calculus, which became essential tools in mathematics and physics.

 

He also made advances in the study of infinite series and binomial theorem.

 

Calculus is a powerful mathematical tool that is used in many different fields, including physics, engineering, and economics.

 

The laws of motion: Newton’s three laws of motion are the foundation of classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.

 

The reflecting telescope: Newton invented the reflecting telescope, which uses curved mirrors to collect light.

 

Reflecting telescopes are more powerful than refracting telescopes, which use lenses to collect light.

 

Alchemy: Newton was also engaged in alchemical studies, attempting to transform base metals into gold and searching for the philosopher’s stone. While these pursuits are not scientifically significant, they provide insights into the historical context of Newton’s time.

 

Optics: Newton conducted experiments with prisms and demonstrated that white light could be split into its component colors through the process of refraction. He showed that light is composed of a spectrum of colors. He published his findings in “Opticks,” where he discussed his theory of colors and the nature of light.

 

Mathematics:

 

These contributions collectively established Newton as one of the most influential scientists in history.

 

Grammar I

 

1. Complete the following sentences with the correct relative pronouns — who, where, whose, which, that, and when.

 

1. The couple …………… live next door has six grandchildren.

 

1. The house, …………… is painted in red, is mine.

 

1. The woman house …………… was broken into called the police.

 

1. The car …………… my uncle bought is quite comfortable.

 

1. This is the school …………… I study now.

 

1. This is the place ……………I was born and brought up.

 

1. My uncle, …………… is in the army came to see us.

 

1. We have a friend…………… plays the Madal well.

 

1. Is there anything, …………… I can do to help you?

 

1. She remembered the day …………… she met her husband for the first time.

 

Answer

 

1. The couple who live next door has six grandchildren.

 

1. The house, which is painted in red, is mine.

 

1. The woman house which was broken into called the police.

 

1. The car which my uncle bought is quite comfortable.

 

1. This is the school where I study now.

 

1. This is the place where I was born and brought up.

 

1. My uncle, who is in the army came to see us.

 

1. We have a friend who plays the Madal well.

 

1. Is there anything, which I can do to help you?

 

1. She remembered the day when she met her husband for the first time.

 

 

 

1. Join the following pairs of sentences using suitable relative pronouns.

 

1. We know the woman. She donated this money.

 

1. We walked past my old school. It is celebrating its 50th anniversary this month.

 

1. I met the woman yesterday. I had helped her last month.

 

1. A new headteacher is going to be appointed next month. It is good.

 

1. Bring me the file. The file is on the table.

 

1. This is the player. The committee appointed him the captain.

 

1. We met a girl. The girl has lost her way.

 

1. This is the house. Naresh built it.

 

1. Mandy is the girl. I am using her car today.

 

Answer

 

1. We know the woman who donated this money.

 

1. We walked past my old school which is celebrating its 50th anniversary this month.

 

1. I met the woman yesterday whom I had helped last month.

 

1. A new headteacher is going to be appointed next month which is good.

 

1. Bring me the file which is on the table.

 

1. This the player whom the committee appointed the captain.

 

1. We met a girl who has lost her way.

 

1. This is the house which Naresh built.

 

1. Mandy is the girl whose car I am using today.

 

 

 

Writing I

 

Study the information below about Pasang Lhamu Sherpa; the first Nepali woman to scale Mt. Everest. Write a short biography of her based on the given information.

 

Answer

 

Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, a very popular figure in mountaineering history, holds the distinction of being the first Nepali woman to conquer the most difficult heights of Mt. Everest. Born on December 10, 1961, in the Khumbu region of Nepal, she was destined to leave a permanent mark on the world of mountain climbing. She grew up in a family of deeply rooted in mountaineering.

 

Pasang Lhamu grew up in the shadow of the towering peaks of the Himalayas, surrounded by a community with a deep connection to the mountains. Her early life was marked by the challenges of living in a remote region, but she possessed an innate spirit of adventure and a determination that would eventually propel her to unprecedented heights.

 

In a time when mountaineering was predominantly a male-dominated pursuit, Pasang Lhamu defied societal norms and set her sights on conquering Everest. Her journey to the summit was not only a personal triumph but a groundbreaking achievement for women in the field of mountaineering.

 

Finally, on April 22, 1993, Pasang Lhamu Sherpa accomplished her lifelong dream by successfully reaching the summit of Mount Everest, etching her name as the first Nepali woman to achieve this feat. Tragically, she died by facing harsh weather conditions during her descent, at the young age of 31.

 

Her memory lives on as an enduring symbol of the strength and tenacity of Nepali women in the face of formidable challenges. Pasang Lhamu Sherpa’s contributions to mountaineering continue to inspire and pave the way for women seeking to conquer new heights and break through barriers in the world of adventure and exploration.

 

 

Khaptad International Park

 

1. Match the words in column A with their meanings in column B.

 

1. pastures i. the state of being quiet and peaceful

 

1. biodiversity

 

1. a film or program giving facts about something

 

 

 

1. aquatic d. confluence e. tranquillity f. documentary g. harbour

 

 

iii. the existence of a variety of animals and plants

 

1. land covered with grass

 

1. to contain something and allow it to develop

 

1. growing or living in, on, or near water

 

vii. the place where rivers meet and become one

 

 

Answer

 

1. pastures – iv. land covered with grass

 

1. biodiversity – iii. the existence of a variety of animals and plants c. aquatic – vi. growing or living in, on, or near water

 

1. confluence – vii. the place where rivers meet and become one

 

 

1. tranquillity – i. the state of being quiet and peaceful

 

1. documentary – ii. a film or program giving facts about something g. harbour – v. to contain something and allow it to develop
2. Fill in the gaps with correct information from the text.

 

1. Khaptad National Park comprises …………… patches of grassland.

 

1. The religious sites in the national park are visited by thousands of …………… every year.

 

1. A tourist from Pakistan should have to pay ……………

 

1. The highest point of the national park is …………… situated at the height of 3,276 meters.

 

1. Many pilgrims make a holy visit to …………… during Janai Purnima.

 

Answer

 

1. Khaptad National Park comprises 22 patches of grassland.

 

1. The religious sites in the national park are visited by thousands of pilgrims every year.

 

500. A tourist from Pakistan should have to pay Rs. 500.

 

1. The highest point of the national park is Sahashra Linga situated at the height of 3,276 meters.

 

1. Many pilgrims make a holy visit to Triveni during Janai Purnima.

 

1. Answer these questions.

 

1. What type of forest can be found in Khaptad National Park?

 

1. How have the patents supported local people around the national park?

 

1. Where is the Shiva temple?

 

1. After whose name is the national park named as Khaptad National Park?

 

1. If anyone is interested in shooting a film in the national park, how much money does he/she have to pay?

 

1. Make a list of the flora and fauna found in the national park.

 

Answer

 

1. The main plants found in the park are sal, pine, and alder species. The Khaptad plateau is dominated by sub-alpine vegetation so the forests of fir, oak, birch, and rhododendron can be found.

 

1. The patans have supported local people by giving ample grazing ground for cattle.

 

1. The Shiva temple is located at the confluence of three rivers, known as Triveni.

 

1. The national park is named after the late Khaptad Swami, a well-known spiritual saint.

 

1. If someone is interested shooting a film in the national park he/she has to pay $1,500 for foreigners, Rs. 50,000 for SAARC Nationals, and Rs. 10,000 for Nepali. An additional 25% should be paid while using drones for documentary/filming.

 

1. The list of flora and fauna is as follows:

 

Flora: sal, pine, alder, fir, oak, birch, rhododendron, primulas, buttercups, wild berries, and a wide variety of medicinal herbs.

 

Fauna: 266 bird species (including Dhanphe, flycatcher, bulbul, cuckoo, and eagle), butterflies, Inoths, insects, 23 species of mammals (including barking deer, wild boar, goral, black bear, yellow-throated marten, rhesus and langur monkey, common leopard, wolf, wild dog, jackal, and musk deer).

 

1. If you visited Khaptad National Park, which thing would you enjoy the most? Why?

 

Answer

 

If I were to visit Khaptad National Park, one thing I would likely enjoy the most is the serene and peaceful environment. Khaptad National Park is a beautiful protected area in the far-western region of Nepal. Visitors to Khaptad National Park can enjoy a variety of attractions, and what someone might enjoy the most can vary depending on their interests. Khaptad National Park is known for its stunning landscapes, including rolling hills, alpine meadows, and dense forests. The natural beauty of the park offers opportunities for trekking and hiking amidst picturesque surroundings.

 

 

The park is home to diverse flora and fauna. Visitors may have the chance to spot various species of wildlife, including Himalayan tahr, ghoral, leopard, Himalayan black bear, and numerous bird species. The park is also rich in biodiversity, with several medicinal plants and herbs. Whether it’s taking a leisurely stroll through the patans, observing the diverse flora and fauna, or simply sitting by Khaptad Daha and absorbing the stillness, the tranquillity of Khaptad National Park would be a precious gift that allows for reflection, relaxation, and a renewed appreciation for the beauty of the natural world.

 

 

 

Writing II

 

1. You might have a religious/historical/natural place in your district or locality. Make an attractive leaflet about the place based on the guidelines given below.

 

Answer

 

Visitors’ Guide to Gorkha

 

Gorkha is one of the best tourist destinations in Nepal. We warmly welcome to Gorkha. It is a historical destination in Nepal. Get ready for an unforgettable adventure as we take you on a journey through this remarkable region.

 

Major Attractions:

 

Gorkha Durbar: Unveil the history of Nepal at the majestic Gorkha Durbar, the ancestral palace of the Shah dynasty and the birthplace of the great King Prithvi Narayan Shah.

 

Gorakhnath Cave: Investigate into legends and mythology at Gorakhnath Cave, a sacred site associated with the Guru Gorakhnath. Discover the mystical ambiance and embrace the spiritual serenity.

 

Gorkha Museum: Plunge yourself in the cultural heritage of Gorkha through charming artifacts and exhibits at the Gorkha Museum. Learn about the region’s art, culture, history, and traditions.

 

 

Manakamana Temple: Experience spiritual bliss at the renowned Manakamana Temple, perched atop a hill and accessible via a scenic cable car ride.

 

How to Get There:

 

Gorkha is located approximately 140 kilometers west of Kathmandu. You can reach Gorkha by private vehicles, buses, and taxis etc. It is 6-7 hours drive from Kathmandu.

 

Accommodation:

 

Gorkha offers a range of comfortable accommodations, from comfortable guesthouses to luxurious hotels, ensuring a pleasant stay for every traveller.

 

Suitable Time to Visit the Place:

 

 

The best time to visit Gorkha is during the spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) seasons. The weather is pleasant, with clear skies and moderate temperatures, allowing you to explore the attractions comfortably.

 

Make your plan to visit and create unforgettable memories in this extraordinary destination.

 

1. Write a set of rules to be followed in the place you have selected in exercise A above using the following clues.

 

[is/are strict, prohibited to, allowed to/supposed to, don’t + infinitive, V-ing ……. is not entertained]

 

Answer

 

Visitors are supposed to dress modestly and behave respectfully at cultural sites.

 

It is prohibited to litter that harms the environment.

 

Permission must be taken for photography at different sites.

 

Visitors are not supposed to walk from designated tracks.

 

It is recommended to inform authorities about trekking itineraries for safety purposes.

 

Teasing animals or wildlife is not allowed.

 

Making loud noise is not allowed.

 

Interacting respectfully with the local community and supporting local businesses is encouraged.

 

 

 

Grammar II

 

1. Put ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ to complete the sentences. Put a cross (X) if an article is not needed.

 

1. I’d like to ask you …….question now.

 

1. It is …… nice day today, isn’t it?

 

1. Where is ……. tallest statue of Lord Shiva located?

 

1. The boys are playing……. football in the backyard.

 

1. She is …….. intelligent girl.

 

1. Do you want to go to ……… restaurant where we first met?

 

1. My father bought ……. new TV set yesterday.

 

1. I live in …… old house which needs to be repaired.

 

1. Would you like to have ……. piece of cake?

 

1. Sharmila can play …….. guitar well.

 

30. We usually have…… lunch at 12:30.

 

Answer

 

1. I’d like to ask you a question now.

 

1. It is a nice day today, isn’t it?

 

1. Where is the tallest statue of Lord Shiva located?

 

1. The boys are playing X football in the backyard.

 

1. She is an intelligent girl.

 

1. Do you want to go to the restaurant where we first met?

 

1. My father bought a new TV set yesterday.

 

1. I live in an old house which needs to be repaired.

 

1. Would you like to have a piece of cake?

 

1. Sharmila can play the guitar well.

 

30. We usually have X lunch at 12:30.

 

1. Put ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ to complete the paragraphs.

 

1. You’ve probably learned ………. rule that ………. comes before a vowel, and that ………. comes before ……….

 

consonant. While this is generally true, it is more accurate to say that ………. comes before a vowel sound, and ……….

 

comes before ………. consonant sound. The can be used with both singular and plural nouns, with nouns of any

 

gender, and with nouns that start with any letter. The is ………. most commonly used word in ………. English language.

 

Answer

 

You’ve probably learned ‘the’ rule that ‘an’ comes before a vowel, and that ‘a’ comes before ‘a’ consonant. While this is generally true, it is more accurate to say that ‘an’ comes before a vowel sound, and ‘a’ comes before ‘a’ consonant sound. ‘the’ can be used with both singular and plural nouns, with nouns of any gender, and with nouns that start with any letter. The is ‘the’ most commonly used word in the English language.

 

1. Once upon ………. time, there was ………. old farmer. He was honest and helpful. Once, the whole village was

 

affected by famine. People remembered ………. old farmer. He helped ………. villagers by providing food and shelter.

 

This news reached ………. king. He invited ………. old farmer and gave him ………. golden stick as ………. gift for his

 

honesty and help to ………. villagers during hard times.

 

Answer

 

 

Once upon a time, there was an old farmer. He was honest and helpful. Once, the whole village was affected by famine. People remembered the old farmer. He helped the villagers by providing food and shelter. This news reached the king. He invited the old farmer and gave him a golden stick as a gift for his honesty and help to the villagers during hard times.