Transportation & Communication  | Unit 18 | English

Reading 1

Wright Brothers

A. The meanings of the words are given below. Find the words from the text above.

a. a…….        equipment that are useful but not essential            

b. d…….        an action of going down                   

c. a…….. connected with the science or practice of building and flying aircraft

d. s…….        fixed in a place or position, supported or balanced; constant 

e. e…….        a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery

f. p…… to cause pain or trouble to somebody over a period of time 

Answer:

a. accessories equipment that are useful but not essential

b. descent an action of going down

c. aeronautical connected with the science or practice of building and flying aircraft

d. suspended fixed in a place or position, supported or balanced; constant

e. experiment a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery

f. plaque to cause pain or trouble to somebody over a period of time

B. Match the following words with the appropriate pictures. (Write a, b, c or d below the picture.)

a. propeller            b. spokes               c. elevator                 d. buzzard

Answer:

c. elevator                 a. propeller               b. spokes       d. buzzard

C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. The Wright brothers sold copies of toy helicopters at the market.

b. They had a printing business in their cycle shop.

c. The experience of cycling helped them to generate ideas for controlling and balancing aircraft.

d. The wing warping system controls the aircraft in a roll.

e. They learned more about balancing by watching other aircraft fly.

f. Their first experimentation was with a kite.

g. Wilbur Wright was the pilot of their 1903 Flyer.

h. Their aircraft could only fly straight. 

Answer:

C. State whether the following statements are true or false.

a. The Wright brothers sold copies of toy helicopters at the market.    False

b. They had a printing business in their cycle shop. False

c. The experience of cycling helped them to generate ideas for controlling and balancing aircraft. True

d. The wing warping system controls the aircraft in a roll. True

e. They learned more about balancing by watching other aircraft fly. False

f. Their first experimentation was with a kite. True

g. Wilbur Wright was the pilot of their 1903 Flyer. False

h. Their aircraft could only fly straight. False

D. Put the following events from the text above in chronological order.

a. Their first Flyer took off under its own power with a pilot.

b. The Wright brothers opened a cycle shop.

c. The Wright brothers developed a machine overcoming complex technical problems. 

d. Milton Wright brought home a toy helicopter.

e. Wright brothers built their first machine designed to carry a pilot.

f. The children made copies of the toy helicopter.

g. The Wright brothers began their aeronautical research.

h. The Wright brothers started a printing business.

Answer:

a. Milton Wright brought home a toy helicopter.

b. The children made copies of the toy helicopter.

c. The Wright brothers started a printing business.

d. The Wright brothers opened a cycle shop.

e. The Wright brothers began their aeronautical research.

f. Wright brothers built their first machine designed to carry a pilot.

g. Their first Flyer took off under its own power with a pilot.

h. The Wright brothers developed a machine overcoming complex technical problems.

E.  Answer the following questions.

a. What services did the Wright brothers offer from the cycle shop?

b. How did their cycle business help them to build an aircraft?

c. How did the brothers develop the idea of balance and control in the flight of an aircraft?

d. What was their first aircraft like?

e. What did they do to create the flight conditions?

f. What is “wing warping”?

g. When and where did the first Flyer take off?

h. What progress had they made by 1904?

i. What was the world’s first practical airplane like?

Answer:

a. Initially, they sold and repaired bicycles. They would replace spokes, fix broken chains, and sell accessories. In 1896, they began to build their won brand of bicycles.

b. Their cycle business helped them in the investigations of flight.

c. The brothers developed the idea of balance and control in the flight of an aircraft using the technology they learned from their bicyles business.

d. Their first aircraft was like a small kite.

e. To create the flight conditions, they tested small model wings in a wind tunnel they had built.

f. “Wing warping” was an early system for roll control of a fixed-wing aircraft.

g. The first Flyer took off at 10:35 am at Kill Devil Hills, NC.

h. They achieved the first circular flight of an airplane by 1904.

i. The world’s first practical airplane was repeatedly banked, turned, circled, and flown in figure eights.

F. What improvements have been made to aircraft since the time of Wright brothers to the modern day? Discuss.

Grammar I (page 230)

B. Choose the correct words from the brackets and fill in the blanks.

a. Shishir was ………..injured in a  car accident. (serious/seriously)

b. The             other   passengers     sustained……..injuries.       (serious/ seriously)

c. You behaved very ………… (selfish/selfishly)

d. Riyasa is ……….upset for having lost the job. (terrible/ terribly)

e. There was a ……..change in the weather. (sudden/suddenly)

f. All the men and women had worn…….dresses.  (colourful/ colourfully)

g. Lalita was ……………..dressed. (colourful/colourfully)

h. Rajkumar fell off the roof and hurt himself quite ……(bad/ badly)

i. Netra was trying  ……….to win Nirmal’s trust. (hard/hardly)

j. Don’t climb that tree. It doesn’t look…….(safe/safely)

k. He gave me an …….look when I interrupted him. (angry/ angrily)

l. Look at that snake! It seems very ………. (dangerous/dangerously)

Answer:

a. Shishir was seriously injured in a car accident.

b. The other   passengers sustained serious injuries.

c. You behaved very selfishly.

d. Riyasa is terribly upset for having lost the job.

e. There was a sudden change in the weather.

f. All the men and women had worn colourful dresses.

g. Lalita was colourfully dressed.

h. Rajkumar fell off the roof and hurt himself quite badly.

i. Netra was trying hard to win Nirmal’s trust. (hard/hardly)

j. Don’t climb that tree. It doesn’t look safe.

k. He gave me an angry look when I interrupted him.

l. Look at that snake! It seems very dangerous.

Reading 2

Rickshaw Ride

A. Match the words with their meanings.

a. harbour         i.  to move in long twisting curves

b. folded           ii.  for the purpose of; in the interest of; in order to achieve or preserve

c. sandbar         iii.  a protected area on the coast

d. snake             iv.  the main church

e. sake              v.  a vehicle driven by electricity

f. clatter            vi.  loud noise from  hard objects knocking together

g. cathedral      vii. a long mass of sand, especially at the mouth of the river

h. tram              viii. having slight folds; wrinkled

Answer:

a. harbour       iii.  a protected area on the coast

b. folded           viii. having slight folds; wrinkled

c. sandbar       vii. a long mass of sand, especially at the mouth of the river

d. snake            i.  to move in long twisting curves

e. sake              ii.  for the purpose of; in the interest of; in order to achieve or preserve

f. clatter           vi.  loud noise from  hard objects knocking together

g. cathedral     iv.  the main church

h. tram             v.  a vehicle driven by electricity

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words/phrases from the poem.

a. The old man is waiting for customers at the …………

b. He is very weak with ………….face.

c. He knows that a ……..is nothing for the rider.

d. He takes the rider as far as to …………

e. The rider’s eyes are caught by the old man’s twisted ……..

f. The rider didn’t have the ……….when riding.

Answer:

a. The old man is waiting for customers at the harbor.

b. He is very weak with folded face.

c. He knows that a dollar is nothing for the rider.

d. He takes the rider as far as to cathedral.

e. The rider’s eyes are caught by the old man’s twisted face.

f. The rider didn’t have the fun when riding.

C.  Answer the following questions.

a. How old is the rickshaw puller?

b. What does ‘he is made of leather’ mean?

c. What attracts the attention of the rider?

d. Why does the rider want the rickshaw puller not to fall?  

e. Did the man enjoy the rickshaw ride? Give reasons.

Answer:

a. The rickshaw puller is very old.

b. ‘He is made of leather’ means he is very thin having only bones and skin without muscle.

c. The dark veins attract the attention of the rider.

d. The rider wants the rickshaw puller not to fall because his journey won’t be completed in his fall. 

e. No, the man didn’t enjoy the rickshaw ride because he has seen the pitiful condition of the rickshaw puller.

D.  Find suitable adjectives to describe the rickshaw puller. Complete the mind map.

Grammar II

Use the correct forms of the adjectives or adverbs given in the brackets.

a. The Marsyangdi is one of the ………….. rivers in Nepal. (big)

b. Thani Mai is a …….. temple in the whole district. (famous)

c. A spider is not usually as ……….. as a snake. (deadly)

d. The children are really enjoying the movie. They are watching it …… than the adults. (interestingly)

e. Mr Shrestha is the …………… teacher in the whole school. (humorous)

f. Children are considered to be …….. than adults. (innocent)

g. A computer is ……… than a pocket calculator. (expensive)

h. My sister is almost as …….. as my mother. (tall)

i. My maths exam was much ……… than the history exam. (good)

j. Bungee jumping really scares me.  I find it …………… than paragliding. (dangerous)

k. Sima is walking ……… than Sarad. (carefully)

Answer:

a. The Marsyangdi is one of the biggest rivers in Nepal.

b. Thani Mai is a famous temple in the whole district.

c. A spider is not usually as deadly as a snake.

d. The children are really enjoying the movie. They are watching it more interestingly than the adults.

e. Mr Shrestha is the most humorous teacher in the whole school.

f. Children are considered to be more innocent than adults.

g. A computer is more expensive than a pocket calculator.

h. My sister is almost as tall as my mother.

i. My maths exam was much better than the history exam.

j. Bungee jumping really scares me.  I find it more dangerous than paragliding.

k. Sima is walking more carefully than Sarad.