Unit 10
Applied Biology
Chapter 10.1
Application of ZoologyOriginal Nepal eNotes Chapter Source
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Open Original Notes / PDF SourceIntroduction
In Grade 12 Biology, this chapter focuses on tissue and organ transplantation, in-vitro fertilization (IVF), amniocentesis, genetically modified or transgenic animals, poultry farming and fish farming.
1. Tissue and Organ Transplantation
Types of Grafts
| Type | Source and Recipient | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Autograft | Tissue transferred within the same individual. | Skin graft from one body region to another. |
| Isograft | Between genetically identical individuals. | Transplant between identical twins. |
| Allograft | Between genetically different individuals of the same species. | Human kidney transplant. |
| Xenograft | Between different species. | Use of animal-derived biological tissue in humans. |
Fig. 1 – Major Types of Transplantation
Transplant Rejection
The recipient immune system may recognize donor antigens as foreign and attack the transplanted tissue. Matching donor and recipient characteristics and carefully managed immunosuppressive treatment help reduce rejection risk.
2. In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
General Steps of IVF
- Controlled stimulation of ovaries so that suitable oocytes develop.
- Collection of mature oocytes.
- Collection and preparation of sperm.
- Fertilization in the laboratory.
- Culture of the resulting embryo for a short period.
- Transfer of selected embryo(s) into the uterus.
- Follow-up to determine whether implantation and pregnancy occur.
Fig. 2 – Basic Steps of IVF
3. Amniocentesis
The fluid contains fetal cells and biochemical substances that can provide information about selected chromosomal or genetic conditions when clinically indicated.
Fig. 3 – Simplified Amniocentesis
4. Genetically Modified Organisms and Transgenic Animals
General Concept
- A gene or genetic construct of interest is selected.
- It is introduced into cells or an early embryo using an appropriate genetic technique.
- Modified cells or embryos are selected and developed.
- Animals carrying the intended genetic change are identified.
- The trait or gene expression is studied or used for a defined purpose.
Fig. 4 – Concept of a Transgenic Animal
Applications
- Study of gene function and disease mechanisms.
- Development of biological products.
- Testing of potential therapeutic approaches in research.
- Improvement of selected livestock traits in controlled breeding programs.
5. Poultry Farming
Major Production Types
Layer Farming
Birds are managed mainly for egg production.
Broiler Farming
Birds are raised mainly for meat production.
Important Management Factors
- Selection of healthy and suitable breeds.
- Balanced feed and clean drinking water.
- Proper housing, ventilation, temperature and litter management.
- Biosecurity and disease prevention.
- Vaccination according to veterinary guidance.
- Clean handling of eggs and poultry products.
Fig. 5 – Poultry Farming Management Cycle
6. Fish Farming
Basic Pond Types in Fish Farming
| Pond | General Purpose |
|---|---|
| Nursery pond | Rearing very young fry during early stages. |
| Rearing pond | Growing fry into larger fingerlings. |
| Stocking / grow-out pond | Growing fingerlings to harvestable size. |
Fig. 6 – Simple Fish-Farming Pond System
Major Management Principles
- Choose appropriate fish species and healthy seed/fingerlings.
- Maintain suitable pond depth, water quality and oxygen conditions.
- Provide suitable natural or supplementary feed.
- Prevent predators, escape and disease spread.
- Use proper stocking density and monitor growth.
- Harvest at appropriate size and handle fish hygienically.
Induced Breeding – Basic Concept
In hatchery practice, reproductive maturation and spawning can be managed under controlled conditions. Brood fish are selected, spawning is induced when appropriate, eggs are fertilized, and hatchlings are reared before transfer to nursery and grow-out systems.
Fig. 7 – Fish Seed Production Flow
7. Quick Revision & Exam Points
- Define transplantation and explain the main types of grafts.
- What is transplant rejection?
- Define IVF and explain its main steps.
- Define amniocentesis and state its purpose.
- What is a transgenic animal?
- Write applications and ethical issues of transgenic animals.
- Differentiate layer and broiler poultry farming.
- Write important management practices in poultry farming.
- Define fish farming and explain the major pond types.
- Describe the general process of fish seed production or induced breeding.
One-Minute Revision
- Autograft = same individual.
- Isograft = genetically identical individuals.
- Allograft = different individuals of same species.
- Xenograft = different species.
- IVF = fertilization outside the body.
- Amniocentesis = prenatal sampling of amniotic fluid.
- Transgenic animals contain introduced genetic material.
- Layers are reared mainly for eggs.
- Broilers are reared mainly for meat.
- Pisciculture = controlled fish farming.
- Nursery → rearing → grow-out is a common pond sequence.
Source note: Nepal eNotes identifies this material as Unit 10, Applied Biology, Chapter 10.1, Application of Zoology. Its current page exposes a “PDF Link: View” control but the hidden Drive target was not available to automated extraction, so no Drive ID has been invented here. The typed notes follow the verified Grade 12 syllabus scope for this chapter.
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