History of internet
The internet, commonly referred to as “the Net” is a global wide area network or a network of networks that links computer system all over the world. Generally, it is a worldwide system of computer networks that have different high-bandwidth data lines, which includes the internet “backbone”. Users at any computer can access information from any other computer via the internet. It was known as the ARPA Net for the first time, and in 1969, the ARPA, called Advance Research Projects Agency, conceived the internet. Allowing communication between users and devices from any distance was the primary objective to create the network. We will need an IPS in terms of connecting to the internet since they operate as a middleman between we and the internet. Most internet service providers provide we DSL, cable, or fiber connection to connect to the internet.
WWW
“WWW” stands for World Wide Web. It’s a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. These documents, commonly referred to as web pages, are typically formatted in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and often contain hyperlinks to other pages, as well as multimedia content such as images, videos, and interactive elements. The World Wide Web was invented by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and has since become one of the primary means of accessing information and services on the Internet.
Working of WWW
The WWW is based on several different technologies: web browsers, HTML and HTTP. A web browser is used to access webpages. Web browser can be defined as programs which display text, data, picture, animation, and video on the internet. Hyperlinked resources on the WWW can be accessed using software interface provided by web browsers. Initially web browsers were used only for surfing the web but now they have become more universal. Web browsers can be used for several tasks including conducting searches, mailing, transferring files, and much more. Some of the commonly used browsers are internet explorer, opera mini, google chrome.
Features of WWW:
– Hyper Text Information System
– Cross-Platform
– Distributed
– Open Standards and Open Sources
– Uses web browsers to provide a single interface for many services
– Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving
– Web 2.0
Components of web: there are 3 components of web:
URL: Serves as system for resources on web.
HTTP: specifies communication of browser and server.
HTML: Defines structure, organization and content of webpage.
Comparison between internet and www
| Basis for comparison | Internet | WWW |
| Basis | It is physical infrastructure. | It is a service. |
| Defined as | A huge network which is a collection of several networks. | A set of software services that operate on the internet. |
| Invention | Late 1960 | 1989 |
| Nature | Hardware based. | Software oriented. |
| Protocol uses | Internet protocol. | Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. |
| Identification | Through IP address. | Through URL. |
| 1st version | ARPANET. | NSFNET. |
Application of WWW:
– For communication.
– Online conference call or live meetings.
– Students may also use for online classes or learning.
– Get news worldwide instantly.
– Selling products online.
– Can grow business via online.
Web standards:
Web standards are the technologies we use to build web sites. These standards exit as long technical documents called specifications, which detail exactly how the technology should work. For eg, the HTML living standard describes exactly how HTML should be implemented.
Benefits of web standards:
– Faster downloading times.
– Lower maintenance cost.
– More accessible to a wider range of users.
– Less time consuming to update.
– Lower bandwidth costs.
– More search engine friendly.
– More adaptable to future technology.
Web protocols:
in a web system, protocols are used to display pages and to fulfil requests for information.
Gopher:
The gopher protocol is utility that searches the internet for data and news and presents the result in a hierarchy-based document-retrieval system.
HTTP:
HTTP is used by the WWW.it defines how messages are formatted and transmitted and the actions web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
NNTP:
It allows your emails to discussion groups to be routed and received. News servers use NNTP to send and receive
Telnet:
Telnet is a terminal emulator for the internet. Its original use was to permit dumb terminals to connect to distant mainframes over the internet.
FTP:
FTP is the primary protocol used to transfer files and resources on the internet. The protocol is designed to display files available for downloading or uploading and facilitate login functions.
Application of web protocols:
– It helps to transform information from one place to another.
– It is used to store data in data.
– with the help of protocol we can transfer files from site to our desktop.
– It helps to make our data secure and safe.
Web browser
A browser is a software program that is used to explore, retrieve, and display the information available on the world wide web. A browser is a client program as it runs on a user computer or mobile device and contacts the web servers for the information requested on internet supported devices.
History of web browser
– The WWW was the first web browser. It was created by W3C director Tim Berners-Lee in 1990. Later, it was renamed Nexus to avoid confusion caused by the actual WWW.
– The Lynx browser was a text-based browser, which was invented in 1992. It was not able to display the graphical content.
– Although, the first graphical user interface browser was NCSA Mosaic. It was the first most popular browser in the world, which was introduced in 1993.
– In 1994, there were some improvements occurred in mosaic and came to net-scape navigator.
– In 1995, Microsoft introduced the internet explorer. It was the first web browser developed by Microsoft.
– A research project started on opera in 1994. Later, it was publicly introduced in 1996.
– Apple’s safari browsers was introduced in 2003. It was specifically released for Macintosh computers.
– In 2004, Mozilla introduced Firefox as net-scape navigator.
– In 2007, a browser mobile safari was released as apple mobile web browser.
– The popular browser google chrome was launched in 2008.
– The fast growing mobile-based browser opera mini was released in 2011.
– The Microsoft edge browser was launched in 2015.
Feature of Web Browser
– Refresh button: Refresh button allows the website to reload the content of the webpage.
– Stop button: It is used to cancel the communication of the web browser with the server and stops loading the page content.
– Home button: It provides users the option to bring up the predefined home page or the website.
– Web address bar: It allows the users to enter a web address in the address bar and visit the website.
– Tabbed browsing: It provides users the option to open multiple websites on the single window.
– Bookmarks: It allows the user to select particular website to save it for the later retrieval of information, which is predefined by the users.
Uses of web browser
A web browser is used to render web pages on the WWW to help users to display the content of websites. The uses of browser are listed below:
– Bookmarking
– Forwarding to the next web page
– Backward to the next web page
– Using address bar for navigating to another web page
– clicking on a different web page hypertext for navigation
– recording the web browsing history
– Tabbed browsing
– Using Plug-ins and web pages
-Having a start page such as an internet search engine, or a web portal
– Downloading the web page
– Downloading a web page asset such as an image, or CSS file
– Controlling the web page loading performance
– Controlling the response headers
– Scraping the web page content
– Taking the HTML source code of web page
– Controlling the web server IP address
– Controlling the web server security
– Auditing the web server load test
– Caching the cache
– Displaying the local files
Search Engine
A search engine is a software program, which is designed to perform web search on the WWW.
How does a search engine work?
The three important tasks are performed by a search engine when a user search for any on it: Crawling, Indexing and Ranking
– Crawl: Scour the internet for data.
– Index: This step indexes the web pages which are relevant for the user’s query to be displayed.
– Rank: It means that the most relevant result shows on the top of the web.
Top 10 search engine
– Google
– Bing
– Yahoo
– Baidu
– Duckduck go
– Yandex
– Ask.com
– Ecosia
– AOL
– Internet Archive
Uses of search engine
– The search engine offers various variety of resources to obtain relevant and valuable information from the internet.
– All search engines have the ability to provide more precise result.
– Mostly search engines such as Google, Bing, and Yahoo allow end-users to search their content for free.
– Search engine allow us to search for relevant content based on a particular keyword.
Disadvantage of search engine
– Sometimes the search engine takes too much time to display relevant, valuable, and informative content.
– Search engine, especially Google, frequently update their algorithm, and it is very difficult to find the algorithm in which Google runs.
– It makes end-user effortless as they all time use search engine to solve their small queries also.
Web Domain
A web domain is a unique address used to identify a website on the internet. It serves as a human-readable version of an IP address, which is a string of numbers used by computers to locate each other online. Domains are composed of several parts: the top-level domain (TLD) such as .com, .org, or .net, and the second-level domain, which is the specific name chosen by the website owner, such as “example” in “example.com.” Domains are crucial for branding and accessibility, allowing users to easily remember and navigate to a website. They are managed by registrars, which are organizations accredited to sell and register domain names. The Domain Name System (DNS) translates domain names into IP addresses, enabling browsers to load the desired web pages.
Web Hosting
Web hosting is a service that allows individuals and organizations to make their websites accessible on the internet. Hosting providers supply the technologies and infrastructure needed to store website files on servers and ensure they are available to users online. There are several types of web hosting, each catering to different needs:
Shared Hosting:
This is the most cost-effective option, where multiple websites share the same server resources, such as CPU, RAM, and disk space. It’s ideal for small websites or blogs with low to moderate traffic. However, performance can be affected by the activities of other websites on the same server.
WordPress Hosting:
Specifically optimized for WordPress websites, this hosting type often includes features like one-click WordPress installation, automatic updates, and enhanced security measures tailored to WordPress vulnerabilities. It can be offered in both shared and managed forms, providing varying levels of support and performance.
Reseller Hosting:
This allows individuals or companies to purchase hosting space and resell it to others. It includes tools for managing multiple client accounts and often comes with white-label branding, so resellers can present the hosting service as their own.
Dedicated Hosting:
With dedicated hosting, a client leases an entire server exclusively for their website. This provides maximum performance, security, and control, as no resources are shared with other websites. It’s suitable for large businesses or websites with high traffic and resource demands.
VPS Hosting (Virtual Private Server):
VPS hosting divides a physical server into multiple virtual servers, each with its own dedicated resources. It offers more control and customization compared to shared hosting, as each VPS operates independently. This type is suitable for websites that have outgrown shared hosting but don’t need an entire dedicated server.